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Tuesday, April 23, 2013

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Biological Question

Biological Exam Paper

Q. 1. Biological organisation starts with:
a. Atomic level
b. Submicroscopic molecular level
c. Cellular level
d. Organismic level
Sol. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 2. About 98 percent of the mass of every living organism is composed of just six elements including carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and:
a. calcium and phosphorous
b. phosphorus and sulphur
c. sulphur and magnesium
d. magnesium and sodium
Sol. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 3. Which one of the following is an example of negative feed back loop in humans?
a. Secretion of sweat glands and constriction of skin blood vessels when it is too hot.
b. Constriction of skin blood vessels and contraction of skeletal muscles when it is too cold.
c. Secretion of tears after falling of sand particles in to the eye
d. Salivation of mouth at the sight of delicious food.
Sol. When the set point of hypothalamus is disturbed by high temperature, it stimulates vasodilation and sweating while in low temperature there is vasoconstriction and shivering. Correct choice: 2
Q. 4. What is common to whale, seal and shark?
a. Homoiothermy
b. Seasonal migration]
c. Thick subcutaneous fat
d. Convergent evolution
Sol. Shark is poikilothermous. All three species show adaptations for aquatic life while these are not closely related. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 5. Which one of the following is not a constituent of cell membrane?
a. Phospholipids
b. Cholesterol
c. Glycolipids
d. Proline
Sol. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 6. Select the wrong statement from the following:
a. The chloroplasts are generally much larger than mitochondria.
b. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain and inner and an outer membrane
c. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have an internal compartment, the thylakoid space bounded by the thylakoid membrane
d. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain DNA.
Sol. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 7. The overall goal of glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport system is the formation of:
a. Nucleic acids
b. ATP is small stepwise units
c. ATP in one large oxidation reaction
d. Sugars
Sol. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 8. If the mean and the median pertaining to a certain character of a population are of the same value, the following is most likely to occur:
a. a skewed curve
b. a normal distribution
c. a bi-modal distribution
d. a T -shaped curve
Sol. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 9. Which one of the following is a slime mould?
a. Anabaena
b. Rhizopus
c. Physarum
d. Thiobacillus
Sol. Physarum is an acellular slime mould. Correct choice: (3)
Q.10. For a critical study of secondary growth in plants, which one of the following pairs is suitable?
a. Wheat and maiden hair fern
b. Sugarcane and sunflower
c. Teak and pine
d. Deodar and fern
Sol. Secondary growth occurs in gymnosperms and dicots. Correct choice: (3)
Q.11. Which one of the following statements about Mycoplasma is wrong?
a. They cause disease in plants
b. They are also called PPLO
c. They are pleomorphic
d. They are sensitive to penicillin
Sol. Mycoplasma is not sensitive to penicillin due to absence of cell wall. Correct choice: (4)
Q.12. In the prothallus of vascular cryptogam, the antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. As a result:
a. self fertilization is prevented
b. there is no change in success rate of fertilization
c. there is high degree of sterility
d. one can conclude that the plant is apomictic
Sol. In vascular cryptogam i.e. in pteridophytes gametophyte is monoecious but protandrous to avoid self fertilization. Correct choice: (1)
Q.13. Two plants can be conclusively said to belong to the same species if they:
a. have same number of chromosomes
b. can reproduce freely with each other and form seeds
c. have more than 90 per cent similar genes
d. look similar and possess identical secondary metabolities.
Sol. The members of a species are inter-fertile and produce fertile offsprings. Correct choice: (2)
Q.14. If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct groups, which of the following characters you should choose?
a. Chemical composition of the cell wall
b. Types of pigments present in the cell
c. Nature of stored food materials in the cell
d. Structural organization of thallus.
Sol. The various algae are classified mainly on the types of pigments present in their cells. Correct choice: (2)
Q.15. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three of which one of the following sets?
a. Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas
b. Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra
c. Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hydrilla
d. Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis
Sol. The male gametes of bryophytes are biflagellete, and those of pteriodophytes are multiflagellate, except Selaginella having biflagellate gametes. The male gametes of gymnosperms are non motile except those of Cycas having multiciliate gametes. Correct choice: (1)
Q.16. In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents:
a. the microsporangium in which pollen grains develop
b. a cell in the pollen grain in which the sperms formed
c. a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored after pollination
d. an opening in the mega gametophyte through which the pollen tube approaches the egg.
Sol. In gymnosperms, below micropylar beak some of the cells of nucellus of ovule disintigerate to form pollen chamber. Correct choice: (3)
Q.17. Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by:
a. peristome teeth
b. elaters
c. indusium
d. calyptra
Sol. In some liverworts like Marchantia spore dispersal is due to hydrochasy and is aided by elaters. Correct choice: (2)
Q.18. Which pair of the following belongs to Basidiomycetes?
a. Morchella and Mushrooms
b. Birds' nest fungi and Pufballs
c. Pufballs and Claviceps
d. Peziza and Stink horns
Sol. Bird's nest fungi – Cyathus, Pufballs – Lycoperdon, Both belong to the class Basidiomycetes. Correct choice: (3)
Q.19. ICBN stands for:
a. Indian Code of Botanical Nomenclature
b. Indian Congress of Biological Names
c. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
d. International Congress of Biological Names
Sol. ICBN is one of the codes of nomenclature. It stands for International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 20. Ergot of rye is caused by a species of:
a. Claviceps
b. Phytophthora
c. Uncinula
d. Ustilago
Sol. Ergot of rye is caused by Claviceps purpurea. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 21. When two species of different genealogy come to resemble each other as a result of adaptation, the phenomenon is termed:
a. Convergent evolution
b. Divergent evolution
c. Microevolution
d. Co-evolution
Sol. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 22. Adaptive radiation refers to:
a. Power of adaptation in an individual to a variety of environments
b. Adaptations due to Geographical isolation
c. Evolution of different species from a common ancestor
d. Migration of members of a species to different geographical areas
Sol. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 23. The living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the non-living things on the basis of their ability for:
a. growth the movement
b. responsiveness to touch
c. interaction with the environment and progressive evolution
d. reproduction
Sol. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 24. The Finches of Galapogas islands provide an evidence in favour of:
a. Biogeographical Evolution
b. Special Creation
c. Evolution due to Mutation
d. Retrogressive Evolution
Sol. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 25. One of the important consequences of geographical isolation is:
a. Random creation of new species
b. No change in the isolation faunax
c. Preventing Speciation
d. Speciation through reproductive isolation
Sol. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 26. Industrial melanism as observed in peppered moth proves that:
a. Melanism is a pollution-generated feature
b. The true black melanic forms arise by a recurring random mutation
c. The melanic form of the moth has no selective advantage over lighter form in industrial area
d. The lighter-form moth has no selective advantage either in polluted industrial area or non-polluted area.
Sol. It is an example of directional selection. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 27. The concept of chemical evolution is based on:
a. Possible origin of life by combination of chemicals
b. Crystallization of chemicals under suitable environmental conditions
c. Interaction of water, air and clay under
d. Effect of solar radiation of chemicals
Sol. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 28. Among the human ancestors the brain size was more than 1000 CC in:
a. Homo habilis
b. Homo neanderthalensis
c. Homo erectus
d. Ramapithecus
Sol. Homo habilis had a cranial capacity in the range of 680-720 c.c. & that of Homo erectus erectus 775-990 c.c, Homo erectus pekinensis 915-1200 c.c., Homo neanderthalensis 1300-1600 c.c. Correct choice: (c)
Q. 29. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
a. Crocodile
b. Sea Urchin
c. Obelia
d. Lemur
-Chambered heart
- Parapodia
– Metagenesis
– Thecodont
(1) Only A and B
(2) A, C and D
(3) B, C and D
(4) Only A and D
Sol. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 30. Select the correct statement from the following:
a. Mutations are random and directional
b. Darwinian variations are small and directionless
c. Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and gets selected by nature
d. All mammals except whales and camels have seven cervical vertebrate.
Sol. It explains natural selection. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 31. Which one of the following is a matching pair of a body feature and the animal possessing it?
a. Ventral heart
b. Post-anal tail
c. Ventral Central nervous system
d. Pharyngeal gill slits absent in embryo
- Scorpion
- Octopus
– Leech
– Chamaeleon
Sol. Scorpion has dorsal heart. Post-anal tail is found only in chordates. Pharyngeal gill slits are present in the embryo of chameleon. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 32. What is common between parrot, platypus and kangaroo?
a. Ovoparity
b. Homoiothermy
c. Toothless jaws
d. Functional post -anal tail
Sol. Only birds & mammals are homoiothermous. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 33. What is true about Nereis, Scorpion, Cockroach and Silver fish?
a. They all belong to the same phylum
b. They all have jointed paired appendages
c. They all possess dorsal heart
d. None of them is aquatic
Sol. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 34. Which one of the following statement is correct?
a. Ontogeny repeats phylogeny
b. Stem cells are specialized cells
c. There is no evidence of the existence of gills during embryogenesis of mammals
d. All plant and animal cells are totipotent.
Sol. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 35. "Foolish Seedling" disease of rice led to the discovery of:
a. IAA
b. GA
c. ABA
d. 2, 4 – D
Sol. Foolish seeding disease (Bakane disease) of rice is due to a fungus Giberella fujikuroi. Yabuta and Sumuki obtained achemical from the fungus and called gibbrellic acid. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 36. Passage cells are thin- walled cells found in:
a. central region of style through which the pollen tube grows towards the ovary.
b. endodermis of roots facilitating rapid transport of water from cortex to pericycle.
c. phloem elements that serve as entry points for substances for transport to other plant parts.
d. testa of seed to enable emergence of growing embryonic axis during seed germination.
Sol. Passage cells also called transfusion tissue are found in the endodermis meant for rapid transport of water from cortex to pericycle. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 37. The first acceptor of electrons from an excited chlorophyll molecule of photosystem II is:
a. Quinone
b. Cytochrome
c. Iron-sulphur protein
d. Ferredoxin.
Sol. The first acceptor of electros from an excited chlorophyll is quinone. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 38. All enzymes of TCA cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix except one which is located in inner mitochondrial membranes in eukaryotes and in cytosol in prokaryotes. This enzyme is:
a. succinate dehydrogenase
b. lactate dehydrogenase
c. isocitrate dehydrogenase
d. malate dehydrogenase
Sol. Succinate dehydrogenase is a common enzyme for TCA and ETC. It is located on inner mitochondrial membrane. Rest of the TCA enzymes are present in mitochondrial matrix. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 39. The wavelength of light absorbed by Pr form of phytochrome is:
a. 620 nm
b. 640 nm
c. 680 nm
d. 720 nm
Sol. The Pr form of phytochrome receives red light (600-680 nm) and changes into Pfr. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 40. Opening of floral buds into flowers, is type of:
a. Autonomic movement of growth
b. Autonomic movement of locomotion
c. Autonomic movement of variation
d. Paratonic movement of growth.
Sol. Opening of floral bud into flowers, is due to epinasty, a type of autonomic movement of growth. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 41. Which one of the following pairs, is not correctly matched?
a. IAA – Cell wall elongation
b. Abscissic Acid – Stomatal closure
c. Gibberellic Acid – Leaf fall
d. Cytokinin – Cell division
Sol. Leaf fall is due to interaction of auxin and ethylene. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 42. One gene – one enzyme relationship was established for the first time in:
a. Diploccus pneumoniae
b. Neurospora crassa
c. Salmonella typhimurium
d. Escherichia Coli
Sol. One gene-one enzyme hypothesis was given by Beadle and Tatum in red mould (Neurospora crassa). Correct choice: (2)
Q. 43. Male gametes in angiosperms are formed by the division of:
a. Microspore mother cell
b. Microspore
c. Generative cell
d. Vegetative cell
Sol. During the development of male gametophyte first of all two cells – generative cell and tube nucleus are formed from a pollen. This twocelled stage is called pollen grain. Finally the generative cell divides to form 2-male gametes. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 44. Two cells A and B are contiguous. Cell A has osmotic pressure 10 atm, turgor pressure – 7atm and diffusion pressure deficit 3 atm. Cell B has osmotic pressure 8 atm, turgor pressure 3 atm and diffusion pressure deficit 5 atm. The result will be:
a. Movement of water of Cell A to B
b. Movement of water from Cell B to A
c. No movement of water
d. Equilibrium between the two
Sol. The direction of movement of water is from low to high DPD. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 45. In the leaves of C4 plants, malic acid formation during CO2 fixation occurs in the cells of:
a. Epidermis
b. Mesophyll
c. Bundle Sheath
d. Phloem
Sol. In C4 plants, C4 cycle occurs in mesophyll cells and C3 cycle in bundle sheath cells. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 46. Which of the following is a flowering plant with nodules containing filamentous nitrogen-fixing microorganism?
a. Cicer arietinum
b. Casuarina equisetifolia
c. Crotalaria juncea
d. Cycas revolute
Sol. The filamentous nitrogen – fixing microorganism like Frankia occurs in root-nodules of non-leguminous plants like Casuarina and Alnus. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 47. Which one of the following is surrounded by a callose wall?
a. Pollen grain
b. Microspore mother cell
c. Male gamete
d. Egg
Sol. The microspore mother cells develops an internal layer of callose which breaks the plasmodesmatal connections among themselves. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 48. Which one of the following elements is not an essential micronutrient for plant growth?
a. Ca
b. Mn
c. Zn
d. Cu
Sol. Calcium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 49. If you suspect major deficiency of antibodies in person, to which of the following would you look for confirmatory evidence?
a. Haemocytes
b. Serum albumins
c. Serum globulins
d. Fibrinogen in the plasma
Sol. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 50. Which one of the following is a fat -soluble vitamin and its related deficiency disease?
a. Calciferol – Pellagra
b. Ascorbic acid – Scurvy
c. Retinol – Xerophthalmia
d. Cobalamine – Beri-beri
Sol. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 51. Which one of the following mammalian cells is not capable of metabolising glucose to carbon-dioxide aerobically?
a. Red blood cells
b. White blood cells
c. Unstriated muscle cells
d. Liver cells
Sol. RBCs do not have mitochondria & thus can respire only anaerobically. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 52. Compared to a bull a bullock is docile because of:
a. lower levels of adrenalin / noradrenalin in its blood
b. higher levels of thyroxin
c. higher levels of cortisone
d. lower levels of blood testosterone
Sol. The bullock is castrated and therefore secretion of testosterone is not adequate. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 53. In the human female, menstruation can be deferred by the administration of:
a. FSH only
b. LH only
c. Combination of FSH and LH
d. Combination of estrogen and progesterone
Sol. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 54. In human body, which one of the following is anatomically correct?
a. Cranial nerves
b. Floating ribs
c. Collar bones
d. Salivary glands
- 10 pairs
- 2 pairs
– 3 pairs
–1 pair
Sol. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 55. In which one of the following preparations are you likely to come across cell junctions most frequently?
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Ciliated epithelium
c. Thrombocytes
d. Tendon
Sol. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 56. A drop of each of the following, is placed separately on four slides. Which of them will not coagulate?
a. Whole blood from pulmonary vein
b. Blood plasma
c. Blood serum
d. Sample from the thoracic duct of lymphatic system
Sol. Blood serum does not contain fibrinogen and few other clotting factors, thus it will not coagulate. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 57. Feeling the tremors of an earthquake a scared resident of seventh floor of a multistoryed building starts climbing down the stairs rapidly. Which hormone initiated this action?
a. Gastrin
b. Thyroxin
c. Adrenaline
d. Glucagon
Sol. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 58. A person who is on a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water, will have:
a. less urea in his urine
b. more sodium in his urine
c. less amino acids in his urine
d. more glucose in his blood.
Sol. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 59. Which one of the following pairs of structures distinguishes a nerve cell from other types of cell?
a. Nucleus and mitochondria
b. Perikaryon and dendrites
c. Vacuoles and fibers
d. Flagellum and medullary sheath
Sol. Correct choice: (2)
Q.60. Which part of ovary in mam mals acts as an endocrine gland after evolution?
a. Vitelline membrane
b. Graafian follicle
c. Stroma
d. Germinal epithelium
Sol. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 61. During the transmission of nerve impulse through a nerve fibre, the potential on the inner side of the plasma membrane has which type of electric charge?
a. First positive, then negative and again back to positive
b. First negative, then positive and again back to negative
c. First positive, then negative and continue to be negative
d. First negative, then positive and continue to be positive.
Sol. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 62. A person is having problems with calcium and phosphorous metabolism in his body. Which one of the following glands may not be functioning properly?
a. Thyroid
b. Parathyroid
c. Parotid
d. Pancreas
Sol. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 63. Identify the odd combination of the habitat and the particular animal concerned:
a. Rann of Kutch
b. Dachigam National Park
c. Sunderbans
d. Periyar
- Wild Ass
- Snow Leopard
–Bengal Tiger
–Elephant
Sol. Dachigam National Park is for the conservation of Hangul. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 64. In which one of the following the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of sewage (S), distillery effluent (DE), paper mill effluent (PE) and sugar mill effluent (SE) have been arranged in ascending order?
a. S < DE < PE < SE
b. SE < S < PE < DE
c. SE < PE < S < DE
d. PE < S < SE < DE
Sol. BOD of distillery effluent is 40,000 mg / l and that of paper mill effluent and sewage is 190 mg/l and 30 mg/l, respectively. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 65. Which one of the following ecosystem types has the highest annual net primary productivity?
a. Temperate deciduous forest
b. Tropical rain forest
c. Tropical deciduous forest
d. Temperate evergreen forest
Sol. Tropical rain forest has highest annual net primary productivity (9000 K cal / m 2 / yr). Correct Choice: (2)
Q. 66. Which one of the following is being utilized as a source of biodiesel in the Indian countryside?
a. Pongamia
b. Euphorbia
c. Beetroot
d. Sugarcane
Sol. Pongamia, Jatropa, Euphorbia are petrocrops. However, in the Indian countryside, Pongamia (Kanjar) is being utilized as a source of biodiesel. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 67. In a coal fires power plant electrostatic precipitators are installed to control emission of:
a. CO
b. SO2
c. NOX
d. SPM
Sol. Electrostatic precipitators control emission of suspended particle matter (SPM). Correct choice: (4)
Q. 68. Which one of the following is not a bioindicator of water pollution?
a. Sewage fungus
b. Sludge-worms
c. Blood-worms
d. Stone flies
Sol. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 69. A high density of elephant population in an area can result in:
a. Predation on one another
b. Mutualism
c. Intra specific competition
d. Inter specific competition
Sol. Intra-specific competition occurs between the members of the same species. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 70. Geometric representation of age structure is a characteristic of:
a. Ecosystem
b. Biotic community
c. Population
d. Landscape
Sol. Age structure is one of the characteristics of population. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 71. Which one of the following pairs of organisms are exotic species introduced in India?
a. Nile perch, Ficus religiosa
b. Ficus religiosa, Lantana camara
c. Lantana camara, Water hyacinth
d. Water hyacinth, Prosopis cineraria
Sol. Lantana camara and Eicchornia czassipes (water hyacinth) are exotic species. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 72. One of endangered species of Indian medicinal plants is that of:
a. Nepenthes
b. Podophyllum
c. Ocimum
d. Garlic
Sol. Podophyllum hexandrum – : (Papri), gives a drug from its rhizome; besides being stimulant and purgative and has destructive action on cancerous tissues. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 73. A genetically engineered micro-organism used successfully in bioremediation of oil spills is a species of:
a. Bacillus
b. Pseudomonas
c. Trichoderma
d. Xanthomonas
Sol. Pseudomonas putida (superbug) developed by genetic engineering by Anand Mohan Chakravorty is used to control oil spills. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 74. A sequential expression of a set of human genes occurs when a steroid molecule binds to the:
a. Ribosome
b. Transfer RNA
c. Messenger RNA
d. DNA sequence
Sol. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 75. The Okazaki fragments in DNA chain growth:
a. polymerize in the direction and explain DNA replication
b. result in transcription
c. polymerize in the direction and forms replication fork
d. prove semi-conservative nature of DNA replication
Sol. Replication occurs always in direction. Okazaki fragments, synthesized on DNA template, join to form lagging strand which grows in direction. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 76. In the hexaploid wheat, the haploid (n) and basic (x) numbers of chromosomes are:
a. n = 21 and x = 7
b. n = 7 and x = 21
c. n = 21 and x = 21
d. n = 21 and x = 14
Sol. The basic number (x) of wheat is 7. Thus the 6x = 2n = 42 and n = 21. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 77. Molecular basis of organ differentiation depends on the modulation in transcription by:
a. Anticodon
b. RNA polymerase
c. Ribosome
d. Transcription factor
Sol. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 78. Telomere repetitive DNA sequence control the function of eukaryote chromosomes because they:
a. prevent chromosome loss
b. act as replicons
c. are RNA transcription initiator
d. help chromosome pairing
Sol. Telomerase seal the ends of the chromosomes. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 79. Inheritance of skin colour in humans is an example of:
a. codominance
b. chromosomal aberration
c. point mutation
d. polygenic inheritance
Sol. Inheritance of skin colour in human is controlled by three genes, A, B and C. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 80. A common test to find the genotype of a hybrid is by:
a. crossing of one F1progeny with male parent
b. crossing of one F2 progeny with male parent
c. crossing of one F2 progeny with female parent
d. studying the sexual behaviour of F1 progenies.
Sol. To find the genotype of hybrid, it is test crossed. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 81. During transcription, RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds to a gene promoter and assumes a saddle – like structure. What is it's DNA-binding sequence?
a. TATA
b. TTAA
c. AATT
d. CACC
Sol. The DNA binding sequence for RNA polymerase is called TATA box. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 82. Two genes R and Y are located very close on the chromosomal linkage map of maize plant. When RRYY and rryy genotypes are hybridized, the F2 segregation will show:
a. Higher number of the parental types.
b. Higher number of the recombinant types.
c. Segregation in the expected 9: 3: 3: 1 ratio.
d. Segregation in 3:1 ratio.
Sol. When the linked genes are situated quite close, the chances of crossing over are highly reduced. Due to this, large number of parental gametes are formed and only few recombinant gametes are formed. This results in higher number of parental types in F2 generation as compared to recombinants. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 83. In maize, hybrid vigour is exploited by:
a. Inducing mutations.
b. Bombarding the seeds with DNA.
c. Crossing of two inbred parental lines.
d. Harvesting seeds from the most productive plants.
Sol. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 84. Differentiation of organs and tissues in a developing organism, is associated with:
a. Deletion of genes
b. Developmental mutations
c. Differential expression of genes
d. Lethal mutations
Sol. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 85. In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green. If a heterozygous yellow seeded plant is crossed with a green seeded plant, what ratio of yellow and green seeded plants would you expect in F1 generation?
a. 3 : 1
b. 50 : 50
c. 9 : 1
d. 1 : 3
Sol. This is a monohybrid test cross. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 86. The length of DNA molecule greatly exceeds the dimensions of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. How is this DNA accommodated?
a. Through elimination of repetitive DNA.
b. Deletion of non-essential genes.
c. Super-coiling in nucleosomes.
d. DNAse digestion.
Sol. The nucleosome model explains the packaging of histone proteins and DNA in the chromatin material which forms the chromosome. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 87. In cloning of cattle a fertilized egg is taken out of the mother's womb and:
a. from this upto eight identical twins can be produced
b. the egg is divided into 4 pairs of cells which are implanted into the womb of others cows
c. in the eight cell stage, cells are separated and cultured until small embryos are formed which are implanted into the womb other cows.
d. in the eight cell stage the individual cells are separated under electrical field for further development in culture media.
Sol. As per the experiment performed by the scientist from Japan. Correct choice: (3)
Q. 88. Which one of the following statements is correct?
a. At present it is not possible to grow maize without chemical fertilizers.
b. Extensive use of chemical fertilizers may lead to eutrophication of nearby water bodies.
c. Both Azotobacter and Rhizobium fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules of plants.
d. Cyanobacteria such as Anabaena and Nostoc are important mobilizers of phosphates and potassium for plant nutrition in soil.
Sol. The Agricultural run off contains high concentration of chemical fertilizers. Which is discharge in near by lakes causes nutrient enrichment of lakes called eutrophication. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 89. The population of an insect species shows an explosive increase in numbers during rainy season followed by its disappearance at the end of the season. What does this show?
a. The population of its predators increases enormously.
b. S-shaped or sigmoid growth of this insect.
c. The food plants mature and die at the end of the rainy season.
d. Its population growth curve is of J-type.
Sol. A population which grows exponentially and crashes suddenly exhibits J-type growth curve. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 90. The two polynucleotide chains in DNA are:
a. semiconservative
b. parallel
c. discontinuous
d. antiparallel
Sol. The two chains in a dsDNA run in opposite direction one while other in opposite direction. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 91. A plant requires magnesium for:
a. Cell wall development
b. Holdin g cells together
c. Protein synthesis
d. Chlorophyll synthesis
Q. 92. Probiotics are:
a. Live microbial food supplement
b. Safe antibiotics
c. Cancer inducing microbes
d. New kind of food allergens
Sol. Live microbial food supplements are called probiotics (e.g., curd). Correct choice: (1)
Q. 93. Bowman's glands are located in the:
a. olfactory epithelium of our nose
b. proximal end of uriniferous tubules
c. anterior pituitary
d. female reproductive system of cockroach
Sol. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 94. Increased asthamatic attacks in certain seasons are related to:
a. Low temperature
b. Hot and humid environment
c. Eating fruits preserved in tin containers
d. Inhalation of seasonal pollen
Sol. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 95. A human male produces sperms with genotypes AB, Ab, aB and ab pertaining to two diallelic characters in equal proportions. What is the corresponding genotype of this person?
a. AABB
b. AaBb
c. AaBB
d. AABb
Sol. The formula for gamete formation is 2n where n stands for number of heterozygous pairs. AaBb has 2 heterozygous pairs so it will form 4 types of gametes. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 96. Which one of the following pairs is wrongly matched?
a. Coliforms
b. Methanogens
c. Yeast
d. Streptomycetes - Vinegar
-Gobar gas
–Ethanol
–Antibiotic
Sol. Coliforms are bacteria found in colon e.g. E. coli. For the preparation of vinegar Acetobacter aceti is employed. Correct choice: (1)
Q. 97. Which one of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. Bombyx mori
b. Pila globosa
c. Apis indica
d. Kenia lacca -silk
-pearl
–honey
–lac
Sol. Pinctada vulgaris is a bivalve from which pearl is obtained. Correct choice: (2)
Q. 98. Which one of the following is viral disease of poultry?
a. Pasteurellosis
b. Salmonellosis
c. Coryza
d. New Castle disease
Sol. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 99. Ultrasound of how much frequency is beamed into human body for sonography?
a. 45 – 70 MHz
b. 30 – 45 MHz
c. 15 – 30 MHz
d. 1 – 15 MHz
Sol. Correct choice: (4)
Q. 100. Lysozyme that is present in perspiration, saliva and tears, destroys:
a. most virus-infected cells
b. certain fungi
c. certain types of bacteria
d. all viruses
Sol. Correct choice: (3)
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Wednesday, April 17, 2013

рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрддीрд▓ рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрдаे

рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрддीрд▓ рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрдаे, рд╕्рдеाрдкрдиा рд╡ рдаिрдХाрдг :

 

 рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда рд╕्рдеाрдкрдиा  рдаिрдХाрдг/рд╕्рдеाрди
рдоुंрдмрдИ рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резреорелрен  рдоुंрдмрдИ
рдкुрдгे рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепрекреп  рдкुрдгे
рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рд╕ंрдд рддुрдХрдбोрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепреирел  рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░
рдХрд░्рдордпोрдЧी рд╕ंрдд рдЧाрдбрдЧेрдмाрдмा рдЕрдорд░ाрд╡рддी рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепреорей рдЕрдорд░ाрд╡рддी
рднाрд░рддрд░рдд्рди рдбॉ. рдмाрдмाрд╕ाрд╣ेрдм рдЖंрдмेрдбрдХрд░ рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепрелрео  рдФрд░ंрдЧाрдмाрдж
рдорд░ाрдард╡ाрдбा рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда
рд╢िрд╡ाрдЬी рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепремрей  рдХोрд▓्рд╣ाрдкूрд░
рдпрд╢рд╡ंрддрд░ाрд╡ рдЪрд╡्рд╣ाрдг рдоुрдХ्рдд рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепреорео  рдиाрд╢िрдХ
рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рдЖрд░ोрдЧ्рдп рд╡िрдЬ्рдЮाрди рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепрепрео рдиाрд╢िрдХ
рдбॉ. рдмाрдмाрд╕ाрд╣ेрдм рдЖंрдмेрдбрдХрд░ рддंрдд्рд░рдЬ्рдЮाрди рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепреореп рд▓ोрдгेрд░े (рд░ाрдпрдЧрдб)
рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепреореп рдЬрд│рдЧाрд╡
рдХрд╡िрдХुрд▓рдЧुрд░ू рдХाрд▓िрджाрд╕ рд╕ंрд╕्рдХृрдд рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепрепрео рд░ाрдордЯेрдХ (рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░)
рд╕्рд╡ाрдоी рд░ाрдоाрдиंрджрддीрд░्рде рдорд░ाрдард╡ाрдбा рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда резрепрепрек рдиांрджेрдб
рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рдкрд╢ू рд╡ рдордд्рд╕्рдпрд╡िрдЬ्рдЮाрди рд╡िрдж्рдпाрдкीрда реирежрежреж рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░

 

 

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рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрддीрд▓ рд╕рдоाрдЬрд╕ुрдзाрд░рдХ рд╡ рдд्рдпांрдЪे рдЬрди्рдорд╕्рдерд│

рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрддीрд▓ рд╕рдоाрдЬрд╕ुрдзाрд░рдХ рд╡ рдд्рдпांрдЪे рдЬрди्рдорд╕्рдерд│

рд╕рдоाрдЬрд╕ुрдзाрд░рдХ рд╡ рдд्рдпांрдЪे рдЬрди्рдорд╕्рдерд│

1. рдбॉ. рдмाрдмाрд╕ाрд╣ेрдм рдЖंрдмेрдбрдХрд░ рдорд╣ू (рдордз्рдп рдк्рд░рджेрд╢) 
 2.  рд░ाрдЬрд░्рд╖ी рд╢ाрд╣ू рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ  рдХोрд▓्рд╣ाрдкूрд░
 3. рдиाрдиा рд╢ंрдХрд░рд╢ेрда  рдоुрд░рдмाрдб (рдаाрдгे)
 4.  рдХрд░्рдорд╡ीрд░ рднाрдКрд░ाрд╡ рдкाрдЯीрд▓  рдХुंрднोрдЬ (рдХोрд▓्рд╣ाрдкूрд░)
5.рдмाрд│рд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ी рдЬांрднेрдХрд░ рдкोंрднुрд░्рд▓े (рд░рдд्рдиाрдЧिрд░ी)
6. рдорд╣ाрдд्рдоा рдлुрд▓ेрдкुрдгे
7. рдорд╣рд░्рд╖ी рдзोंрдбो рдХेрд╢рд╡ рдХрд░्рд╡े рд╢ेрд░рд╡рд▓ी (рд░рдд्рдиाрдЧिрд░ी)
8.рдЧोрдкाрд│ рдЧрдгेрд╢ рдЖрдЧрд░рдХрд░ рдЯेंрднू (рд╕ाрддाрд░ा)
9. рдЧोрдкाрд│ рд╣рд░ी рджेрд╢рдоुрдЦрдкुрдгे
10. рди्рдпा. рдорд╣ाрджेрд╡ рдЧोрд╡िंрдж рд░ाрдирдбे рдиिрдлाрдб (рдиाрд╢िрдХ)
11.рд╕рдпाрдЬीрд░ाрд╡ рдЧाрдпрдХрд╡ाрдб рдХрд╡рд│ाрдгे (рдиाрд╢िрдХ)
12 рдмाрд│ рдЧंрдЧाрдзрд░ рдЯिрд│рдХ(рд░рдд्рдиाрдЧिрд░ी)
13. рдЖрдж्рдп рдХ्рд░ांрддिрдХाрд░рдХ рд╡ाрд╕ुрджेрд╡ рдмрд│рд╡ंрдд рдлрдбрдХे рд╢िрд░рдвोрдг (рд░ाрдпрдЧрдб)
14.рдЖрдЪाрд░्рдп рд╡िрдиोрдмा рднाрд╡े рдЧाрдЧोрджे (рд░ाрдпрдЧрдб)
15. рд╕्рд╡ा. рд╡िрдиाрдпрдХ рджाрдоोрджрд░ рд╕ाрд╡рд░рдХрд░ рднрдЧूрд░ (рдиाрд╢िрдХ)
16рд╕ाрд╡िрдд्рд░ीрдмाрдИ рдлुрд▓े рдиाрдпрдЧांрд╡ (рд╕ाрддाрд░ा)
17. рд╡िрда्рдард▓ рд░ाрдордЬी рд╢िंрджे рдЬрдордЦिंрдбी (рдХрд░्рдиाрдЯрдХ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп)
18.рдЧोрдкाрд│ рдХृрд╖्рдг рдЧोрдЦрд▓े рдХाрддрд▓ुрдХ (рд░рдд्рдиाрдЧिрд░ी)
19. рд╡िрд╖्рдгू рднिрдХाрдЬी рдЧोрдЦрд▓े рдмाрд╡рдзрди (рд╕ाрддाрд░ा)
20.рдбॉ. рдкंрдЬाрдмрд░ाрд╡ рджेрд╢рдоुрдЦ рдкाрдкрд│ (рдЕрдорд░ाрд╡рддी)
21 рд╕ाрдиे рдЧुрд░ुрдЬीрдкाрд▓рдШрд░ (рд░ाрдпрдЧрдб)
22. рд╕ंрдд рдЧाрдбрдЧेрдмाрдмाрд╢ेрдгрдЧांрд╡ (рдЕрдорд░ाрд╡рддी)
23. рд╕ेрдиाрдкрддी рдмाрдкрдЯрдкाрд░рдиेрд░ (рдЕрд╣рдорджрдирдЧрд░)
24. рд╕ंрдд рдЬ्рдЮाрдиेрд╢्рд╡рд░рдкाрд░рдиेрд░ (рдЕрд╣рдорджрдирдЧрд░)
25. рд╕ंрдд рдПрдХрдиाрдердкैрдардг
26. рд╕рдорд░्рде рд░ाрдорджाрд╕ рд╕्рд╡ाрдоी рдЬांрдм (рдЬाрд▓рдиा)
27.рд╕ंрдд рддुрдХрдбोрдЬी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрдЬ рдпाрд╡рд▓ी (рдЕрдорд░ाрд╡рддी)



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Tuesday, April 16, 2013

рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп - рднूрдЧोрд▓

рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп

рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд│ाрдЪ्рдпा рджृрд╖्рдЯीрдиे рднाрд░рддाрддीрд▓ рддिрд╕рд░े рд╡ рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпेрдЪ्рдпा рдмाрдмрддीрдд рджुрд╕рд░े рдоोрдаे рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЖрд╣े. рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд╣े рднाрд░рддाрддीрд▓ рд╕рд░्рд╡ांрдд рд╡िрдХрд╕िрдд рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЖрд╣े. рднाрд░рддाрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо-рдордз्рдп рднाрдЧाрдд рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪी рд╕ीрдоा рдЧुрдЬрд░ाрдд, рдордз्рдп рдк्рд░рджेрд╢, рдЫрдд्рддीрд╕рдЧрдв, рдЖंрдз्рд░ рдк्рд░рджेрд╢, рдХрд░्рдиाрдЯрдХ, рдЧोрд╡ा рдЖрдгि рджाрджрд░ा рдЖрдгि рдирдЧрд░-рд╣рд╡ेрд▓ी рдпा рдХेंрдж्рд░рд╢ाрд╕िрдд рдк्рд░рджेрд╢ांрд╢ी рдЬोрдбрд▓ेрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдоेрд▓ा рдЕрд░рдмी рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ाрдЪी рдХिрдиाрд░рдкрдЯ्рдЯी рдЖрд╣े. рдоुंрдмрдИ, рджेрд╢ाрддीрд▓ рд╕рд░्рд╡ांрдд рдоोрдаे рд╢рд╣рд░, рд╣े рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рд░ाрдЬрдзाрдиीрдЪे рд╢рд╣рд░ рдЖрд╣े. рддрд░ рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░ рд╢рд╣рд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪी рдЙрдкрд░ाрдЬрдзाрдиी рдЖрд╣े. рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╡ рд╢ैрдХ्рд╖рдгिрдХ рджृрд╖्рдЯ्рдпा рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рднाрд░рддाрдЪे рдЕрдЧ्рд░рдгी рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЖрд╣े.

                        Maharashtra
 рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪी рдиिрд░्рдоिрддी- 1 рдоे 1960
рднौрдЧोрд▓िрдХ рд╕्рдеाрди рд╕ाрдзाрд░рдгрдд: рднाрд░рддाрдЪ्рдпा рдордз्рдпрд╡рд░्рддी рднाрдЧाрдд
рдЕрдХ्рд╖ांрд╢ : 15° 44' рддे  22° 6' рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдЕрдХ्рд╖рд╡ृрдд्рдд
рд░ेрдЦांрд╢ :

72° 36' рддे 80° 54' рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд░ेрдЦाрд╡ृрдд्рдд

рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд│

3 рд▓ाрдЦ 7 рд╣рдЬाрд░ 713 рдЪौ.рдХि.рдоी. (3,07,713)

рджрдХ्рд╖िрдг - рдЙрдд्рддрд░  рд▓ांрдмी

720 рдХि.рдоी.

рдкुрд░्рд╡ -  рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо  рд▓ांрдмी

800 рдХि.рдоी.

 

рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪी рдиिрд░्рдоिрддी


рдСрдЧрд╕्рдЯ резрел, рдЗ.рд╕. резрепрекрен рд░ोрдЬी рднाрд░рддाрд▓ा рд╕्рд╡ाрддंрдд्рд░्рдп рдоिрд│ाрд▓्рдпाрд╡рд░ рдк्рд░ांрдд рд╡ рд░ाрдЬ्рдпांрдЪी рдкुрдирд░्рд░рдЪрдиा рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдЪे рд╣ाрддी рдШेрддрд▓े рдЧेрд▓े. рд╕ाрдзाрд░рдгрддः рднाрд╖ेрдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рдк्рд░ांрдд рдиिрд░्рдоिрд▓े рдЬाрдд рд╣ोрддे. рдкрд░ंрддु рднाрд░рдд рд╕рд░рдХाрд░рдиे рдоुंрдмрдИрд╕рд╣ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдиिрд░्рдоिрддीрд╕ рдирдХाрд░ рджिрд▓ा. рдХेंрдж्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдпा рдкрд╡िрдд्рд░्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрд░ोрдзाрдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрддीрд▓ рдЬрдирддेрдиे рдк्рд░рдЦрд░ рдЖंрджोрд▓рди рдХेрд▓े. рдпाрдд резрежрел рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддींрдиी рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдк्рд░ाрдгाрдЪे рдмрд▓िрджाрди рджिрд▓े.рдХेंрдж्рд░ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдоुंрдмрдИ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рд╕рдоाрд╡िрд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрд░ोрдзाрдд рд╣ोрддे. рдЖрдЪाрд░्рдп рдЕрдд्рд░े, рд╢ाрд╣ीрд░ рд╕ाрдмрд│े, рд╕ेрдиाрдкрддी рдмाрдкрдЯ, рдбांрдЧे рдЗрдд्рдпाрджी рдк्рд░рднृрддींрдиी рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рдЪрд│рд╡рд│ीрд▓ा рдмрд│ рджिрд▓े. рдЖрдЪाрд░्рдп рдЕрдд्рд░्рдпांрдиी рдорд░ाрдаा рдпा рдкрдд्рд░ाрдд рдЖрдкрд▓ी рдЖрдЧ्рд░рд╣ी рднूрдоिрдХा рдоांрдбрд▓ी.
рдЕрдЦेрд░ рез рдоे, резрепремрежрд▓ा рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪे рд╕рдз्рдпाрдЪे рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рднौрдЧोрд▓िрдХ рд╡िрднाрдЧ рдХोрдХрдг, рдорд░ाрдард╡ाрдбा, рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░, рджрдХ्рд╖िрдг рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░, рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░, рд╡िрджрд░्рдн рдПрдХрдд्рд░ рдХрд░ूрди рд╕рдз्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдорд░ाрдаी рднाрд╖िрдХ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪी рд░рдЪрдиा рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓ी. резрепремреж рдЪ्рдпा рджрд╢рдХाрддीрд▓ рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рдЪрд│рд╡рд│ीрдиे рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрд╡िрдз рднौрдЧोрд▓िрдХ рднाрдЧांрд╕ рдПрдХрдд्рд░ рдЖрдгрд▓े.рдкрд░ंрддु рдмेрд│рдЧांрд╡ рдЖрдгि рдЖрд╕рдкाрд╕рдЪा рдкрд░िрд╕рд░ рд╡ рдЧुрдЬрд░ाрддेрддीрд▓ рдбांрдЧी рдмोрд▓ी рдмोрд▓рдгाрд░ा рдк्рд░рджेрд╢ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рд╕рдоाрд╡िрд╖्рдЯ рдХेрд▓ा рдЧेрд▓ा рдиाрд╣ी. рдмेрд│рдЧांрд╡ाрд╕рд╣ реоремрел рдЧाрд╡े рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рд╕ाрдоीрд▓ рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЖрдЬрд╣ी рдк्рд░рдпрдд्рди рд╕ुрд░ू рдЖрд╣ेрдд.



рднूрдЧोрд▓


рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд╣े рднाрд░рддाрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рднाрдЧाрдд рд╡рд╕рд▓ेрд▓े рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЖрд╣े. рд╣े рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдк्рд░рджेрд╢ рдЦाрд▓ोрдЦाрд▓ рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдзिрдХ рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा рдЕрд╕рдгाрд░े рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЕрд╕ूрди рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд│ाрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рджेрд╢ाрддрд▓े рддिрд╕рд░े рдоोрдаे рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЖрд╣े. рджेрд╢ाрдЪ्рдпा рдФрдж्рдпोрдЧिрдХ рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрдиाрдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪा реирел % рд╡ाрдЯा рдЖрд╣े рддрд╕ेрдЪ реирежрезреж-резрез рдпा рд╡рд░्рд╖ाрдд рд╕рдХрд▓ рджेрд╢ांрддрд░्рдЧрдд рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рдиाрдд рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪा реирей.реи % рд╡ाрдЯा рдЖрд╣े.

308,000 рдХिрдоी2 (119,000mi2) рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ाрд╡рд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪा рд╡िрд╕्рддाрд░ рдЕрд╕ूрди рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд│ाрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्...рд░ рд╣े рднाрд░рддाрддрд▓े рддिрд╕-рдпा рдХ्рд░рдоांрдХाрдЪे рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЖрд╣े. рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЙрдд्рддрд░ेрд▓ा рдордз्рдп рдк्рд░рджेрд╢, рдкूрд░्рд╡ेрд▓ा рдЫрдд्рддीрд╕рдЧрдв, рдЖрдЧ्рдиेрдп рджिрд╢ेрд▓ा рдЖंрдз्рд░ рдк्рд░рджेрд╢, рджрдХ्рд╖िрдгेрд▓ा рдХрд░्рдиाрдЯрдХ, рддрд░ рдиैрдЛрдд्рдп рджिрд╢ेрд▓ा рдЧोрд╡ा рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЖрд╣े. рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ाрдпрд╡्рдпेрд▓ा рдЧुрдЬрд░ाрдд рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЕрд╕ूрди рджाрджрд░ा рдЖрдгि рдирдЧрд░ рд╣рд╡ेрд▓ी рд╣ा рдХेंрдж्рд░рд╢ाрд╕िрдд рдк्рд░рджेрд╢ рдпा рджोрдШांрдЪ्рдпा рджрд░рдо्рдпाрди рдЖрд╣े. рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рдХिрдиा-рдпाрд▓ा рдЕрд░рдмी рд╕ुрдордж्рд░ाрдЪे рд╕ाрди्рдиिрдз्рдп рд▓ाрднрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.

рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░рдХिрдиा-рдпाрд▓ा рд╕рдоांрддрд░ рдЕрд╕рдгाрд░ा рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдоी рдШाрдЯ, рд╕рд╣्рдпाрдж्рд░ी рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдк्рд░рд╕िрдз्рдж рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рд╕рд╣्рдпрдХрдб्рдпांрдордз्рдпे рдиाрд╢िрдХ рд╢рд╣рд░ाрдЬрд╡рд│ рдЕрд╕рдгाрд░े рдХрд│рд╕ुрдмाрдИ рд╣े 1200 рдоी. (4000 рдлूрдЯ) рдЙंрдЪीрдЪे рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрддрд▓े рдЕрдд्рдпुрдЪ्рдЪ рд╢िрдЦрд░ рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рд╕рд╣्рдпрдХрдб्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдоेрд▓ा 50 рддे 80 рдХिрд▓ोрдоीрдЯрд░ рд░ूंрджीрдЪा рдХोрдХрдг рдХिрдиाрд░ा рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рдШाрдЯाрдордзूрди рдЕрдиेрдХ рдирдж्рдпा рдЙрдЧрдо рдкाрд╡рддाрдд. рдд्рдпाрдкैрдХी рдЧोрджाрд╡рд░ी рдЖрдгि рдХृрд╖्рдгा рдпा рджрдХ्рд╖िрдг рднाрд░рддाрддीрд▓ рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рдирдж्рдпा рдмंрдЧाрд▓рдЪ्рдпा рдЦाрдбीрдкрд░्рдпंрдд рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╕ рдХрд░рддाрдд. рдпा рдирдж्рдпांрдиी рджेрд╢ाрддрд▓े рдПрдХ рдоोрдаे рдЦोрд░े рддрдпाрд░ рдХेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд 35 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े рдЕрд╕ूрди рдк्рд░рд╢ाрд╕рдХीрдп рд╣ेрддूрдиे рдд्рдпांрдЪी рд╡िрднाрдЧрдгी рд╕рд╣ा рдорд╣рд╕ूрд▓ी рд╡िрднाрдЧांрдд (рдХोрдХрдг, рдкुрдгे, рдиाрд╢िрдХ, рдФрд░ंрдЧाрдмाрдж, рдЕрдорд░ाрд╡рддी рдЖрдгि рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░) рдЖрдгि рдЖрда рд╢ैрдХ्рд╖рдгिрдХ рд╡िрднाрдЧांрдд (рдоुंрдмрдИ, рдкुрдгे, рдиाрд╢िрдХ, рдФрд░ंрдЧाрдмाрдж, рдЕрдорд░ाрд╡рддी, рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░, рдХोрд▓्рд╣ाрдкूрд░, рдЖрдгि рд▓ाрддूрд░) рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. рдпा 35 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣्рдпांрдЪी рд╡िрднाрдЧрдгी 109 рдЙрдкрд╡िрднाрдЧ рдЖрдгि 355 рддाрд▓ुрдХ्рдпांрдордз्рдпे рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдд рд╕्рдеाрдиिрдХ рдЕрдерд╡ा рдЬिрд▓्рд╣ा рд╕्рддрд░ाрд╡рд░ рдиिрдпोрдЬрдиाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕рдХ्рд╖рдо рдпंрдд्рд░рдгांрдЪी рджीрд░्рдШ рдкрд░ंрдкрд░ा рдЖрд╣े. рдЧ्рд░ाрдоीрдг рднाрдЧाрдд рд╕्рд╡рдпं-рдк्рд░рд╢ाрд╕рдиाрд╕ाрдаी 33 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣ा рдкрд░िрд╖рджा, 355 рдкंрдЪाрдпрдд рд╕рдоिрдд्рдпा рдЖрдгि 27,993 рдЧ्рд░ाрдо рдкंрдЪाрдпрддी рдХाрд░्рдпрд░рдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд╢рд╣рд░ी рднाрдЧाрдд 23 рдорд╣ाрдирдЧрд░ рдкाрд▓िрдХा, 222 рдирдЧрд░ рдкрд░िрд╖рджा рдЖрдгि 4 рдирдЧрд░ рдкंрдЪाрдпрддी рдХाрд░्рдпрд░рдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд.
рднू рд╢ाрд╕्рдд्рд░ीрдп рд░ूрдкрд░ेрдЦा

рд╣рд╡ाрдоाрди


рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рд╡ैрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ्рдпрдкूрд░्рдг рдоाрди्рд╕ूрдирд╕рд╣ рдЙрди्рд╣ाрд│ा, рдкाрд╡рд╕ाрд│ा рдЖрдгि рд╣िрд╡ाрд│ा рдЕрд╕े рддीрди рдЛрддू рдЕрдиुрднрд╡рддा рдпेрддाрдд. рдЙрди्рд╣ाрд│ा - (рдоाрд░्рдЪ рддे рдоे), рдкाрд╡рд╕ाрд│ा - (рдоाрди्рд╕ूрди), (рдЬूрди рддे рд╕рдк्рдЯेंрдмрд░), рдоाрди्рд╕ूрдиोрдд्рддрд░ (рдСрдХ्рдЯोрдмрд░ рддे рдиोрд╡्рд╣ेंрдмрд░), рд╣िрд╡ाрд│ा (рдЬाрдиेрд╡ाрд░ी рддे рдоाрд░्рдЪ)


рдиैрд╕рд░्рдЧिрдХ рд╕ाрдзрдирд╕ंрдкрдд्рддी


рдоॅрдЧेрдиीрдЬ, рдХोрд│рд╕ा, рд▓ोрд╣, рдЪुрдирдЦрдбी, рддांрдмे, рдмॉрдХ्рд╕ाрдИрдЯ, рд╕िрд▓िрдХा, рд╡ाрд│ू рдЖрдгि рдоीрда рдЕрд╢ी рдЕрдиेрдХ рдЦрдиिрдЬे рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рд╕ाрдкрдбрддाрдд. рдпрд╡рддрдоाрд│, рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░ рдЖрдгि рдЪंрдж्рд░рдкूрд░ рд╣े рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े рдХोрд│рд╢ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЦाрдгींрдиी рд╕рдоृрдз्рдж рдЖрд╣ेрдд. 1970 рд╕ाрд▓ी рдмॉрдо्рдмे рд╣ाрдп рдпा рддेрд▓ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ाрдЬрд╡рд│ рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ाрдЦाрд▓ी рддेрд▓ाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ाрда्рдпाрдЪा рд╢ोрдз рд▓ाрдЧрд▓ा.

рдиैрд╕рд░्рдЧिрдХ рд╕ाрдзрдирд╕ंрдкрдд्рддी


рдоॅрдЧेрдиीрдЬ, рдХोрд│рд╕ा, рд▓ोрд╣, рдЪुрдирдЦрдбी, рддांрдмे, рдмॉрдХ्рд╕ाрдИрдЯ, рд╕िрд▓िрдХा, рд╡ाрд│ू рдЖрдгि рдоीрда рдЕрд╢ी рдЕрдиेрдХ рдЦрдиिрдЬे рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рд╕ाрдкрдбрддाрдд. рдпрд╡рддрдоाрд│, рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░ рдЖрдгि рдЪंрдж्рд░рдкूрд░ рд╣े рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े рдХोрд│рд╢ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЦाрдгींрдиी рд╕рдоृрдз्рдж рдЖрд╣ेрдд. 1970 рд╕ाрд▓ी рдмॉрдо्рдмे рд╣ाрдп рдпा рддेрд▓ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ाрдЬрд╡рд│ рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ाрдЦाрд▓ी рддेрд▓ाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ाрда्рдпाрдЪा рд╢ोрдз рд▓ाрдЧрд▓ा.




 

 рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп - рднौрдЧोрд▓िрдХ рд╕्рдеाрди


рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд╣े рднाрд░рддीрдп рдЙрдкрдЦंрдбाрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ाрдзाрд░рдг рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо-рдордз्рдп рджिрд╢ेрд▓ा рд╕्рдеिрдд рдЖрд╣े. рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪी рдЬрдоीрди рдк्рд░ाрдХृрддिрдХрджृрд╖्рдЯ्рдпा рдПрдХрд╕ाрд░рдЦी (homogeneous) рдЖрд╣े рд╡ рдЦूрдк рдоोрдаे рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ (рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рджेрд╢) рдкрдаाрд░ी рдЖрд╣े. рдбेрдХ्рдХрди рд╡ा рджрдЦ्рдЦрди рдЕрд╕े рдпा рдкрдаाрд░ांрдиा рд╕ंрдмोрдзрд▓े рдЬाрддे. рджрдЦ्рдЦрдирдЪा рдкрдаाрд░ी рдк्рд░рджेрд╢ рд╡िрд╡िрдз рдирдж्рдпांрдиी рд╡्рдпाрдкрд▓ेрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े. рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдоेрд╕ рд╡ рдЕрд░рдмी рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ाрд▓ा рд╕рдоांрддрд░ рдЕрд╢ा рд╕рд╣्рдпाрдж्рд░ी рдкрд░्рд╡рддрд░ांрдЧा (рдХिंрд╡ा рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рдШाрдЯ) рдЖрд╣ेрдд рдЬ्рдпांрдЪी рдЙंрдЪी рд╕ुрдоाрд░े реирезрейрек рдоी. (рдЕंрджाрдЬे рен,режрежреж рдлूрдЯ) рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рдкрд░्рд╡рддрд░ांрдЧांрдордзूрди рдЧोрджाрд╡рд░ी, рдирд░्рдорджा рдЖрдгि рдХृрд╖्рдгेрд╕рд╣ рдЗрддрд░рд╣ी рдЕрдиेрдХ рдирдж्рдпा рдЙрдЧрдо рдкाрд╡рддाрдд. рдЕрд░рдмी рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ рд╕рд╣्рдпाрдж्рд░ी рдкрд░्рд╡рддрд░ांрдЧाрдЪ्рдпा рдордз्рдпे рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рднाрдЧाрд╕ рдХोрдХрдг рдо्рд╣рдгрддाрдд. рдХोрдХрдг рднाрдЧाрдЪी рд░ुंрджी релреж-реореж рдХि.рдоी рдЖрд╣े. рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдЙрдд्рддрд░ेрд╕ рд╕ाрддрдкुрдбा рддрд░ рдкूрд░्рд╡ेрд╕ рднाрдорд░ाрдЧрдб-рдЪिрд░ोрд│ी-рдЧाрдпрдЦुрд░ी рдкрд░्рд╡рддрд░ांрдЧा рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдд рдоौрд╕рдоी рдкाрдКрд╕ рдкрдбрддो. рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрддीрд▓ рдХाрд│ी рдмेрд╕ाрд▓्рдЯ рдоृрджा рдХाрдкрд╕ाрдЪ्рдпा рд▓ाрдЧрд╡рдбीрд╕ाрдаी рдЙрдкрдпुрдХ्рдд рдЖрд╣े.

рджрдЦ्рдЦрдирдЪे рдкрдаाрд░, рдХोрдХрдгрдЪा рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░рдХिрдиाрд░ा рдЖрдгि рдШाрдЯ рдЕрд╢ा рд╡िрднिрди्рди рднौрдЧोрд▓िрдХ рд╕्рдеिрддी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рдЖрдврд│рддाрдд. рдШाрдЯ рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рдЙंрдЪाрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдЯेрдХрдб्рдпांрдЪा рд╡िрд╕्рддाрд░ рдЕрд╕ूрди рддे рдЪिंрдЪोрд│्рдпा рд░рд╕्рдд्рдпांрдиी рд╡िрднाрдЧрд▓े рдЧेрд▓े рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд╕рд╣्рдпाрдж्рд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рд░ांрдЧा рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░рд╕рдкाрдЯीрдкाрд╕ूрди 1000 рдоी. рдЙंрдЪीрд╡рд░ рдЕрд╕ूрди, рддिрдерд▓्рдпा рдкрдаाрд░ांрд╕ाрдаी рдк्рд░рд╕िрдз्рдж рдЖрд╣े. рдХोрдХрдг рд╣ा рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░рдХिрдиाрд░ी рднाрдЧाрдд рд╡рд╕рд▓ेрд▓ा рдЕрд░ूंрдж рднूрднाрдЧ рдЖрд╣े. рдд्рдпाрдЪी рд░ूंрджी 50 рдХिрдоी рдЕрд╕ूрди, рд╣ा рднाрдЧ рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░рд╕рдкाрдЯीрдЦाрд▓ी 200 рдоी рд╡рд░ рд╡рд╕рд▓ेрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े. рдЙрдд्рддрд░ेрдХрдбे рд╕ीрдоेрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рд╕ाрддрдкुрдбा рдкрд░्рд╡рддрд░ांрдЧा рд╣ा рдЖрдгрдЦी рдПрдХ рдорд╣рдд्рд╡ाрдЪा рднूрднाрдЧ. рдпा рднाрдЧाрдд рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕ीрдоेрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рднाрдорд░ाрдЧрдб-рдЪिрд░ोрд▓ी-рдЧाрдпрдЦुрд░ी рд░ांрдЧांрдиी рдПрдХ рдЕрднेрдж्рдп рддрдЯрдмंрджीрдЪ рдЙрднी рдХेрд▓ी рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рд░ांрдЧाрд╣ी рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдиैрд╕рд░्рдЧिрдХ рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖рдХ рдард░рд▓्рдпा рдЖрд╣ेрдд

рдк्рд░ाрдХृрддिрдХ рд╕ीрдоा

рдкूрд░्рд╡ - рдЪिрд░ोрд▓ी рдЯेрдХрдбрдпा рд╡ рднाрдорд░ाрдЧрдб рдбोंрдЧрд░
рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо - рдЕрд░рдмी рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ 
рджрдХ्рд╖िрдг - рддेрд░ेрдЦोрд▓ рдЦाрдбी, рд╣िрд░рдг्рдпрдХेрд╢ी рдирджी 
рдЙрдд्рддрд░ - рд╕ाрддрдкुрдбा рдкрд░्рд╡рдд
рд╡ाрдпрд╡्рдп - рд╕ाрддрдоाрд│ा рдбोंрдЧрд░рд░ांрдЧ (рдЕрдХ्рд░ाрдгी рдЯेрдХрдб्рдпा)
рдИрд╢ाрди्рдп - рджрд░рдХेрд╕ा рдЯेрдХрдб्рдпा

рд░ाрдЬрдХिрдп рд╕ीрдоा (рд╢ेрдЬाрд░ीрд▓ рд░ाрдЬ्рдпे)
рдЙрдд्рддрд░ - рдкूрд░्рд╡ - рдХ्рд╖рдд्рддीрд╕рдЧрдб, рдордз्рдпрдк्рд░рджेрд╢
рджрдХ्рд╖िрдг - рдХрд░्рдиाрдЯрдХ, рдЧोрд╡ा
рд╡ाрдпрд╡्рдп - рдЧुрдЬрд░ाрдд, рджाрджрд░ा рд╡ рдирдЧрд░ рд╣рд╡ेрд▓ी

рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдирдж्рдпा

рдЧोрджाрд╡рд░ी, рдХृрд╖्рдгा рдЖрдгि рддाрдкी рдпा рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрддрд▓्рдпा рдорд╣рдд्рд╡ाрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрд╢ा рддीрди рдирдж्рдпा рдЖрд╣ेрдд.

рд╡рдирд╕्рдкрддी рд╕ृрд╖्рдЯी


рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрддीрд▓ рд╡рдиे рд╣ी рдк्рд░ाрдоुрдЦ्рдпाрдиे рд╕рджाрд╣рд░िрдд, рдкाрдирдЭрдбी рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ाрддीрд▓ рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдпाрдкैрдХी рдмрд╣ुрддेрдХ рд╡рдиे рдкूрд░्рд╡ рдЖрдгि рд╕рд╣्рдпाрдж्рд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд░िрд╕рд░ाрдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд.

рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рдкाрдЪ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рдЙрдж्рдпाрдиे, рддीрди рдЕрднрдпрд╡рдиे рдЖрдгि рд╡рди्рдпрдЬीрд╡/ рдкрдХ्рд╖्рдпांрд╕ाрдаी 24 рдЕрднрдпाрд░рдг्рдпे рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд╡ाрдШ, рдЪिрдд्рддे, рдЧрд╡े, рд╣рд░ीрдгे, рдХाрд│рд╡ीрдЯे, рд░ाрдирдбुрдХ्рдХрд░े, рдЕрд╕्рд╡рд▓े рддрд╕ेрдЪ рдиीрд▓рдЧाрдпी рдЖрдврд│ूрди рдпेрддाрдд..

рд╕्рд░ोрдд – рднाрд░рдд рд╕рд░рдХाрд░, рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪे рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рд╕рд░्рд╡ेрдХ्рд╖рдг 2010-11

рджेрд╢ाрддीрд▓ рд░рд╕्рдд्рдпांрдЪे рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдд рд╡िрд╕्рддृрдд рдЬाрд│े рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд (рдПрдХूрдг рднाрд░рддीрдп рд░рд╕्рддे рдЬाрд│्рдпाрдкैрдХी 7%) рдЕрд╕ूрди рдпा рднाрдЧाрддीрд▓ 97.5% рдЧाрд╡े рдкрд░рд╕्рдкрд░ांрд╢ी рдЪांрдЧрд▓्рдпा рд░рд╕्рдд्рдпांрдиी рддрд░ 2% рдЙрдд्рддрдо рд░рд╕्рдд्рдпांрдиी рдЬोрдбрд▓ी рдЧेрд▓ी рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрдд рдордз्рдп рдЖрдгि рджेрд╢ाрддीрд▓ рд░ेрд▓्рд╡े рд╡िрднाрдЧाрдЪी 2 рдоुрдЦ्рдпाрд▓рдпे рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рджेрд╢ाрддीрд▓ рдПрдХूрдг рд░ेрд▓्рд╡े рдЬाрд│्рдпाрдкैрдХी рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд 9.2% рд░ेрд▓्рд╡े рдЬाрд│े рдкрд╕рд░рд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े. рдЕрдоेрд░ीрдХा, рдпुрд░ोрдк, рдЖрд╢िрдпा рддрд╕ेрдЪ рднाрд░рддाрддीрд▓ рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рд╢рд╣рд░ांрд╢ी, рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд╣рд╡ाрдИ рдоाрд░्рдЧाрдиेрд╣ी рдЬोрдбрд▓ेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े. рджेрд╢ाрдд рд╕рд░्рд╡ाрдзिрдХ рд╡िрдоाрдирддрд│ांрдЪी рд╕ंрдЦ्рдпाрд╣ी (6%) рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рдЖрд╣े.



 

рд╡िрднाрдЧ

  • рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рейрел рдЬिрд▓्рд╣्рдпांрдд рд╡िрднाрдЧрд▓े рдЧेрд▓े рдЖрд╣े.
  • рдпा рдЬिрд▓्рд╣्рдпांрдЪे рем рд╕рдоूрд╣ рдЕрдерд╡ा рдорд╣рд╕ुрд▓ी рд╡िрднाрдЧ рдЖрд╣ेрдд-
  1.              рдкुрдгे
  2.              рдиाрд╢िрдХ
  3.              рдФрд░ंрдЧाрдмाрдж
  4.              рдХोрдХрдг
  5.               рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░
  6.               рдЕрдорд░ाрд╡рддी 

 

рд╣े рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд╢ाрд╕рдиाрдЪे рдЕрдзिрдХृрдд рд░ाрдЬрд╕्рд╡ рд╡िрднाрдЧ рдЖрд╣ेрдд.
рднौрдЧोрд▓िрдХ, рдРрддिрд╣ाрд╕िрдХ рд╡ рд░ाрдЬрдХीрдп-рдорддांрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдд рдкाрдЪ рдоुрдЦ्рдп рд╡िрднाрдЧ рдЖрд╣ेрдд:

  1. рджेрд╢ рдХिंрд╡ा рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд╡िрднाрдЧ (рдкुрдгे рд╡िрднाрдЧ)
  2. рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рд╡िрднाрдЧ (рдиाрд╢िрдХ рд╡िрднाрдЧ)
  3. рдорд░ाрдард╡ाрдбा (рдФрд░ंрдЧाрдмाрдж рд╡िрднाрдЧ)
  4. рд╡िрджрд░्рдн рдХिंрд╡ा рдмेрд░ाрд░ (рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░ рдЖрдгि рдЕрдорд░ाрд╡рддी рд╡िрднाрдЧ) 
  5. рдЖрдгि рдХोрдХрдг (рдХोрдХрдг рд╡िрднाрдЧ).

                     

  рдк्рд░ाрдХृрддिрдХ рд╡िрднाрдЧ - 5
 1  рд╡िрджрд░्рдн 11 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े
2рдорд░ाрдард╡ाрдбा 8 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े
3 рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░6 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े
4рдХोрдХрдг 6 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े
5 рдЦाрдирджेрд╢4 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े

 

рдк्рд░рд╢ाрд╕рдХिрдп рд╡िрднाрдЧ -7
 1 рдФрд░ंрдЧाрдмाрдж  4 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े
2 рдиाрдЧрдкूрд░6 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े
 3рдоुंрдмрдИ 6 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े
 4 рдиाрд╢िрдХ

5 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े

 5рдЕрдорд░ाрд╡рддी

5 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े

 6 рдкुрдгे

5 рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े

 

 рдкुрдгे рд╡िрднाрдЧ

 

  рдкुрдгे рд╡िрднाрдЧ
 рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░рдлрд│ -  релрео,реиремрео рдХिрдоी
рд▓ोрдХрд╕ंрдЦ्рдпा (реирежрежрезрдЪी рдЧрдгрдиा) репреп,ренрей,ренремрез
рдЬिрд▓्рд╣े рдХोрд▓्рд╣ाрдкूрд░ рдЬिрд▓्рд╣ा, рдкुрдгे рдЬिрд▓्рд╣ा, рд╕ांрдЧрд▓ी рдЬिрд▓्рд╣ा, рд╕ाрддाрд░ा рдЬिрд▓्рд╣ा, рд╕ोрд▓ाрдкूрд░ рдЬिрд▓्рд╣ा
рд╕ाрдХ्рд╖рд░рддा ренрем.репрел%
рдУрд▓िрддाрдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рдЬрдоीрди рео,реорепрем рдХिрдоी
рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдкिрдХेрдЬ्рд╡ाрд░ी, рдЧрд╣ू, рдмाрдЬрд░ी, рдКрд╕, рддांрджूрд│, рд╕ोрдпрдмीрди, рдХांрджा, рднुрдИрдоुрдЧ, рдж्рд░ाрдХ्рд╖


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